substitution rate
Huang C-C, Hung K-H, Wang W-K, Ho C-W, Huang C-L, Hsu T-W, Osada N, Hwang C-C & Chiang T-Y 2012 Evolutionary rates of commonly used nuclear and organelle markers of Arabidopsis relatives (Brassicaceae). Gene 499:194-201.
- the ratio of rates of synonymous substitutions among mitochondrial, chloroplast and nuclear genes was calculated with an average and 95% confidence interval of 1 (0.25–1.75): 15.77 (7.48–114.09): 74.79 (36.27–534.61)
- molecular evolutionary rates of nuclear genes varied, with a range of 0.383–0.856 × 10− 8 for synonymous substitutions per site per year and 0.036–0.081 × 10− 9 for nonsynonymous substitutions per site per year
- fourteen regions of nuclear DNA (thirteen genes and one nrDNA spacer) were amplified and sequenced
- AGAMOUS (AG)
- gamma carbonic anhydrase (CA)
- chalcone isomerase (CHI)
- chalcone synthase (CHS)
- CONSTANS-LIKE 2 (CO2)
- cryptochrome 2 gene R (Cry2)
- dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (Dfr)
- ethylene forming enzyme (EFE)
- flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3h)
- ferulic acid 5-hydroxylase (Fah)
- LEAFY
- PISTILLATA (PIS)
- Fe-regulated transporter-like protein (ZIP)
- nuclear ribosomal internal spacers (nrITS)
- A. lyrata and A. halleri are closely related with divergence from the model species A. thaliana about 5.1–5.4 MYA (Koch et al., 2000) or 4.2–10.9 MYA (Wright et al., 2002)
- Beilstein et al. (2010) proposed a much older divergence time between A. thaliana and A. lyrata at 13 MYA (95% highest probability density: 8.0–17.9 MYA)
