Le Nagard H, Chao L & Tenaillon O 2011 The emergence of complexity and restricted pleiotropy in adapting networks. BMC Evol Biol 11:326. the cost results from the difficulty of having to optimize many phenotypes simultaneously it is manife…

Wang Z, Liao B-Y & Zhang J 2010 Genomic patterns of pleiotropy and the evolution of complexity. PNAS 107:18034-18039. we show that the fraction of traits altered appreciably by the deletion of a gene is minute for most genes the gene-trait…

Wagner GP & Zhang J 2011 The pleiotropic structure of the genotype-phenotype map: the evolvability of complex organisms. Nat Rev Genet 12:204-213. pleiotropy is highly restricted and are more in line with the notion of variational modulari…

Pavlicev M & Hansen TF 2011 Genotype-phenotype maps maximizing evolvability: modularity revisited. Evol Biol 38:371-389. modularization of pleiotropy has been suggested to promote evolvability by restricting genetic covariance among unrela…

Lourenço J, Galtier N & Glémin S 2011 Complexity, pleiotropy, and the fitness effect of mutations. Evolution 65:1559-1571. even in a long-term stable environment, populations are never perfectly adapted because of the stochastic fixation o…

Walsh B & Blows MW 2009 Abundant genetic variation + strong selection = multivariate genetic constraints: a geometric view of adaptation. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40:41-59. the perceived incompatibility between these two observations is a c…

Neher RA & Shraiman BI 2011 Statistical genetics and evolution of quantitative traits. Rev Mod Phys 83:1283-1300. making use of the fast-Fourier transformation (FFT) on the 2L dimensional genotype space, one can speed up such simulation fr…