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Jasnos L & Korona R 2007 Epistatic buffering of fitness loss in yeast double deletion strains. Nat Genet 39:550-554. the maximum growth rate averaged over strains lacking deletions and those with double deletions is higher than that of str…

Sanjuán R & Elena SF 2006 Epistasis correlates to genomic complexity. PNAS 103:14402-14405. simpler genomes, such as those of RNA viruses, display antagonistic epistasis (mutations have smaller effects together than expected) bacterial mic…

de Visser JAGM & Elena SF 2007 The evolution of sex: empirical insights into the roles of epistasis and drift. Nat Rev Genet 8:139-149. Box 2 | Empirical approaches for estimating epistasis Table 1 | Recent estimates of the genomic mutatio…

Epinat G & Lenormand T 2009 The evolution of assortative mating and selfing with in- and outbreeding depression. Evolution, in press. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00700.x it would be worth considering the effect of finite population size, …

Lynch M 2007 The origins of genome architecture. Sinauer. ISBN:9780878934843 if the population size is sufficiently small, the noise associated with random gamete sampling can completely overwhelm weak selective forces this idea has long b…

Kover PX, Valdar W, Trakalo J, Scarcelli N, Ehrenreich IM, Purugganan MD, Durrant C & Mott R 2009 A multiparent advanced generation inter-cross to fine-map quantitative traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 5:e1000551. synthetic popul…

Chiang GCK, Barua D, Kramer EM, Amasino RM & Donohue K 2009 Major flowering time gene, FLOWERING LOCUS C, regulates seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana. PNAS 106:11661-11666. one goal toward understanding the genetic basis of adaptati…

Cooper TF, Rozen DE & Lenski RE 2003 Parallel changes in gene expression after 20,000 generations of evolution in Escherichia coli. PNAS 100:1072-1077. the expression of 59 genes had changed significantly all 59 were changed in the same di…

Cooper TF, Remold SK, Lenski RE & Schneider D 2008 Expression profiles reveal parallel evolution of epistatic interactions involving the CRP regulon in Escherichia coli. PLoS Genet 4:e35. a systems-level approach to examine epistatic inter…

Jarvis JP & Cheverud JM 2009 Epistasis and the evolutionary dynamics of measured genotypic values during simulated serial bottlenecks. J Evol Biol 22:1658-1668. the evolutionary effects of epistasis have been primarily explored analyticall…

Collins LJ & Penny D 2009 The RNA infrastructure: dark matter of the eukaryotic cell? TREE 25:120-128.

Nagashima H, Sugahara F, Takechi M, Ericsson R, Kawashima-Ohya Y, Narita Y & Kuratani S 2009 Evolution of the turtle body plan by the folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science 325:193-196.

Schluter D & Conte GL 2009 Genetics and ecological speciation. PNAS 106:9955-9962. ecological speciation the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations, or subsets of a single population, as a result of ecologically-based dive…

Gupta PK 2008 Single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies for future genomics research. Trends Biotechnol 26:602-611.

Lande R 1998 Risk of population extinction from fixation of deleterious and reverse mutations. Genetica 102/103:21-27. a simplified model of forward and reverse fixations, ignoring the time a mutation spends segregating for genes with addi…

Kimura M, Maruyama T & Crow JF 1963 The mutation load in small populations. Genetics 48:1303-1312.

Borenstein E, Meilijson I & Ruppin E 2006 The effect of phenotypic plasticity on evolution in multipeaked fitness landscapes. J Evol Biol 19:1555-1570. evolution is represented as a simple random walk process probabilities pi (taking a +1 …

Butcher D 1995 Muller's ratchet, epistasis and mutation effects. Genetics 141:431-437.

Schultz ST & Lynch M 1997 Mutation and extinction: the role of variable mutational effects, synergistic epistasis, beneficial mutations, and degree of outcrossing. Evolution 51:1363-1371. the extent to which synergistic epistasis between m…

Whitlock MC & Bourguet D 2000 Factors affecting the genetic load in Drosophila: synergistic epistasis and correlations among fitness components. Evolution 54:1654-1660. for years, the only direct information came from Mukai's (1969) study …

Kouyos RD, Silander OK & Bonhoeffer S 2007 Epistasis between deleterious mutations and the evolution of recombination. TREE 22:308-315. glossary physiological epistasis: the distribution of epistatic interactions among randomly introduced …