CMS

Hanson MR & Bentolila S 2004 Interactions of mitochondrial and nuclear genes that affect male gametophyte development. Plant Cell 16:S154-S169.

• although non-Mendelian traits in plants could be encoded by either cytoplasmic genome, in all cases to date in which such a sterility-encoding gene has been identified in an organelle, the mitochondrion was the location of the mutation that disrupts pollen development
• for some species, there is sound evidence that female plants produce more seeds
• no increase in seed set in females has been detected in some species
• in other species, the disruption occurs late in development, after considerable energy has been expended

• a common theme that emerges when known CMS-encoding genes are examined is their origin from recombination between "legitimate" mitochondrial genes and unknown open reading frames (orfs) or between different genuine mitochondrial coding regions