adaptive landscape

Ferriere R & Michod RE 2011 Inclusive fitness in evolution. Nature 471:E6-E8.

• inclusive fitness was developed by Hamilton to summarize a difficult frequency-dependent selection problem by using a simple maximization principle
• the average inclusive fitness effect is maximized by behavioural evolution in family structured populations
• it provides the surface for the Wright's adaptive topography
• arguably one of the most useful tools that has ever been developed for understanding evolution

• today, inclusive fitness and evolutionary dynamics models are bridged and linked by the unifying concept of invasion fitness
• yet in this new framework the assumption of weak selection alone is often sufficient for Hamilton's rule to predict accurately endpoints of altruism evolution