CMS

Chase CD 2007 Cytoplasmic male sterility: a window to the world of plant mitochondrial-nuclear interactions. Trends Genet 23:81-90.

• in natural populations, gynodioecy is maintained, in part, through a selective advantage to females showing CMS
• in some examples, females have more seed production than do hermaphrodites
• Budar et al. propose that the expression of CMS-determining genes in vegetative tissues induces the expression of nuclear genes involved in the stress response and that this improves the prospects for survival and reproduction when environmental stress is encountered

• 19% of Arabidopsis PPR proteins are targeted to plastids and that 54% are targeted to mitochondria

• functional studies of plastid-targeted PPR proteins have revealed that they have direct roles in plastid RNA editing, processing, splicing and translation
• there could be many possible mechanisms of fertility restoration